Condoms can be expected to provide different levels of protection for various STDs, depending on differences in how the diseases are transmitted. Theoretical and empirical basis for protection. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that latex condoms provide an essentially impermeable barrier to particles the size of STD pathogens.
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In contrast, genital ulcer diseases (such as genital herpes, syphilis, and chancroid) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are primarily transmitted through contact with infected skin or mucosal surfaces. Some diseases, such as HIV infection, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis, are transmitted when infected urethral or vaginal secretions contact mucosal surfaces (such as the male urethra, the vagina, or cervix). There are two primary ways that STDs are transmitted.
Condom use may reduce the risk for genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV-associated diseases, e.g., genital warts and cervical cancer. In addition, consistent and correct use of latex condoms reduces the risk of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including diseases transmitted by genital secretions, and to a lesser degree, genital ulcer diseases. Latex condoms, when used consistently and correctly, are highly effective in preventing the sexual transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Including HIV Infection
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For more information on how to use a condom correctly, visit CDC’s Condom Effectiveness web site. This fact sheet updates previous CDC fact sheets on condom effectiveness for STD prevention by incorporating additional evidence-based findings from published epidemiologic studies. This fact sheet presents evidence concerning the male (external) latex condoms and the prevention of STDs, including HIV, based on information about how different STDs are transmitted, the physical properties of condoms, the anatomic coverage or protection that condoms provide, and epidemiologic studies assessing condom use and STD risk. However, many infected persons may be unaware of their infections because STDs are often asymptomatic or unrecognized.
The most reliable ways to avoid transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are to abstain from sexual activity or to be in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner. Similarly, if condoms are not used correctly, the protective effect may be diminished even when they are used consistently. Inconsistent use can lead to STD acquisition because transmission can occur with a single act of intercourse with an infected partner. To achieve the maximum protective effect, condoms must be used both consistently and correctly.
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